HOYSALAS
The founder of this dynasty was probably a kshatriya named Sala. The Hoyasalas emerged into prominence in 'about the beginning of the eleventh century AD. The Hoysalas attained a dominant position with the rule of Bittiga Vishnuvardhana (1110-1140). He transferred his capital from Velapura to Dwarasamudra (Halebid)and made himself independent of the Chalukyan suzerain, Vikramaditya VI. He is believed to have humbled the Cholas, the Pandyas, and the Kadambas. The next important ruler of this house was Vira-Ballala I (1172-1215), who was the first to assume the title of Maharajadhiraja. The last Hoysala ruler was VU"a-Ballala III. The kingdom was ravaged by Malik Kafur (1310). Thus the Hoysala line came to an end around the middle of the fourteenth century AD.
The Hoysalas were great temple builders, supreme examples of which are the Kesava temple at Belur (in Hassan district) dedicated to Vishnu and the Hoysaleswara temple dedicated to Siva at Halebid (or Dwarasamudra). Continuing the Chalukyan style, rich decoration in the form of sculpted panels showing a panorama of life adorn the temples, indicating a close integration of life with religion. The ground plan was star-shaped or polygonal. The temple was built within this on a raised platform. Sandstone was given up in favour of the more tractable chloritic schist for construction. The pillars of the temples acquire a special shape owing to the practice of fashioning the monolithic blocks by turning them on a large lathe.
Friday, November 27, 2009
SILAHARAS and
SILAHARAS
There are three branches of the Silahara family known to history. They remained subordinate to the Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas and Yadavas, while ruling over Konkan; Goa, Than.a and Kolhapur were their various capitals. The most notable monarch of this line was Bhoja (1175-1210), after whom the kingdom was conquered by Singhana, the Yadava ruler.
KADAMBAS
The Kadambas were brahmans. It is believed that the founder of this dynasty was May~asarman who, being annoyed by the Pallavas, established his rule in Karnataka with Banavasi as his seat of government. It was during the reign of Kakusthavarman that Kadamba dominion and influence grew considerably. The next ruler was Ravivarman, with his capital at HaisL The rise of the Chalukyas of Vatapi gave a severe blow to Kadamba ambitions and Pulakesin I and Pulakesin II conquered large parts of their dominion. But the family re-emerged after the decline of the Rashtrakutas in the last quarter of the tenth century AD.
There are three branches of the Silahara family known to history. They remained subordinate to the Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas and Yadavas, while ruling over Konkan; Goa, Than.a and Kolhapur were their various capitals. The most notable monarch of this line was Bhoja (1175-1210), after whom the kingdom was conquered by Singhana, the Yadava ruler.
KADAMBAS
The Kadambas were brahmans. It is believed that the founder of this dynasty was May~asarman who, being annoyed by the Pallavas, established his rule in Karnataka with Banavasi as his seat of government. It was during the reign of Kakusthavarman that Kadamba dominion and influence grew considerably. The next ruler was Ravivarman, with his capital at HaisL The rise of the Chalukyas of Vatapi gave a severe blow to Kadamba ambitions and Pulakesin I and Pulakesin II conquered large parts of their dominion. But the family re-emerged after the decline of the Rashtrakutas in the last quarter of the tenth century AD.
KAKATIYAS
KAKATIYAS
The Kakatiyas were at first feudatories of the Latel Chalukyas, after whose decline they rose to power i~ Telengana. Their seat of power was shifted from Anmakonda to Warangal. Their first prominent ruler was Prolaraja, whc distinguished himself in warfare against the Western Chalukyas and ruled for a long time. Under Ganapati, who ascended the throne in 1199, the Kakatiyas rose into prominence. Ganapati successfully overcame the Cholas. Kalingas, Yadavas, Karnata Lata and Valanadu.
He was succeeded by his daughter, Rudramba, in 1261. She ruled sagaciously and assumed ,the. male title of Rudradeva Maharaja. She was succeeded by her grandson, Prataparudradeva, who has been immortalised by Vaidyanatha's Prata-Parudriya-a work of poetics dedicated to him. Prataparudra ultimately had to submit before the Muslim invader, Malik Kafur. The Kakatiyas were eventually overpowered by the Bahmani Sultans of the Deccan.
The Kakatiyas were at first feudatories of the Latel Chalukyas, after whose decline they rose to power i~ Telengana. Their seat of power was shifted from Anmakonda to Warangal. Their first prominent ruler was Prolaraja, whc distinguished himself in warfare against the Western Chalukyas and ruled for a long time. Under Ganapati, who ascended the throne in 1199, the Kakatiyas rose into prominence. Ganapati successfully overcame the Cholas. Kalingas, Yadavas, Karnata Lata and Valanadu.
He was succeeded by his daughter, Rudramba, in 1261. She ruled sagaciously and assumed ,the. male title of Rudradeva Maharaja. She was succeeded by her grandson, Prataparudradeva, who has been immortalised by Vaidyanatha's Prata-Parudriya-a work of poetics dedicated to him. Prataparudra ultimately had to submit before the Muslim invader, Malik Kafur. The Kakatiyas were eventually overpowered by the Bahmani Sultans of the Deccan.
YADAVAS
YADAVAS
The Yadavas are believed to be the descendants of the Yadl race to which belonged the lv1ahnbhnrata hero, Krishna. I was after the decline of the Chalukyas of Kalyani that the] rose into prominence. The first noteworthy figure of thl dynasty was Bhillama V. He made Devagiri his capital. Bu he was defeated by Vira-Ballala I Hoysala at the battle 0 Lakhul1di. His successor was Jaitrapala I (1191-1210) wh( killed the Kakatiya ruler, Rudradeva. The most energetil ruler of this dynasty was Singhana (1210 to 1247).
It wai during the reign of Mahadeva and Ramachandra that thl great brahrnan minister, Hemadri, renowned for his Hindi Dhnrmashnstras, flourished. His most important work is thE Chnturvarga-Chintamani. He is also said to have introducee a special form of temple architecture in the Deccan. It wa~ during the reign of Ramachandra that the army led by Alaud-din Khalji, then governor of Kara, invaded Devagiri ir 1294. The Yadava rule came to an end when Harapala waf killed at the behest of Sultan Mubarak.
The Yadavas are believed to be the descendants of the Yadl race to which belonged the lv1ahnbhnrata hero, Krishna. I was after the decline of the Chalukyas of Kalyani that the] rose into prominence. The first noteworthy figure of thl dynasty was Bhillama V. He made Devagiri his capital. Bu he was defeated by Vira-Ballala I Hoysala at the battle 0 Lakhul1di. His successor was Jaitrapala I (1191-1210) wh( killed the Kakatiya ruler, Rudradeva. The most energetil ruler of this dynasty was Singhana (1210 to 1247).
It wai during the reign of Mahadeva and Ramachandra that thl great brahrnan minister, Hemadri, renowned for his Hindi Dhnrmashnstras, flourished. His most important work is thE Chnturvarga-Chintamani. He is also said to have introducee a special form of temple architecture in the Deccan. It wa~ during the reign of Ramachandra that the army led by Alaud-din Khalji, then governor of Kara, invaded Devagiri ir 1294. The Yadava rule came to an end when Harapala waf killed at the behest of Sultan Mubarak.
GANGAS
GANGAS
The Gangas are believed to have either belonged to the lim of Ikshvakus, or associated with the river Ganga or witl the Kanvas. The kingdom of the Gangas included thE greater part of Mysore and was called Gangavadi. It wai founded by Didiga (Konganivarman) and Madhava some time in the fourth century AD. Its early capital was Kuluva1c but later the capital was transferred to Talkad by Harivarma A notable Ganga ruler was Durvinita who distinguisee himself in warfare with the Pallavas.
But in the eighth ane ninth centuries, they had to encounter conflict with thl Chalukyas of Vengi and the Rashtrakuta ruler, Dhruve Nirupama. Later, the Gangas were involved in fighting wit! the Cholas and by 1004, Talkad was captured and Gange sovereignty ended. Most of the Ganga rulers were devotee: of Jainism. It was during the reign of Rajamala IV (977-985) that his minister and general, Chamundaraya, a devotee Jain, erected the celebrated image of Gomateshvara a Sravanabelagola in 983. The 58-feet-high statue occupies e special place among the sculptures of the world.
The Gangas are believed to have either belonged to the lim of Ikshvakus, or associated with the river Ganga or witl the Kanvas. The kingdom of the Gangas included thE greater part of Mysore and was called Gangavadi. It wai founded by Didiga (Konganivarman) and Madhava some time in the fourth century AD. Its early capital was Kuluva1c but later the capital was transferred to Talkad by Harivarma A notable Ganga ruler was Durvinita who distinguisee himself in warfare with the Pallavas.
But in the eighth ane ninth centuries, they had to encounter conflict with thl Chalukyas of Vengi and the Rashtrakuta ruler, Dhruve Nirupama. Later, the Gangas were involved in fighting wit! the Cholas and by 1004, Talkad was captured and Gange sovereignty ended. Most of the Ganga rulers were devotee: of Jainism. It was during the reign of Rajamala IV (977-985) that his minister and general, Chamundaraya, a devotee Jain, erected the celebrated image of Gomateshvara a Sravanabelagola in 983. The 58-feet-high statue occupies e special place among the sculptures of the world.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF RASHTRAKUTAS
ACHIEVEMENTS OF RASHTRAKUTAS
The Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of art and literature. Krishna I built the famous rock-cut Kailasa temple at Ellora in the latter half of the eighth century AD. It was constructed in the Dravidian style of the Chalukyas and elaborately carve( with fine sculptures. Probably in the second half of thi eighth century, on an island near the west coast, was buil the cave shrine of Elephanta.
It was dedicated to Siva whose image as Mahesha (popularly known as Trimurti) counts amongst the most magnificent art creations of India The three faces represent Siva as Creator, Preserver am Destroyer. In the field of literature too, there was progress Amoghavarsha is said to have written the earliest book OJ poems in Kannada.
The Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of art and literature. Krishna I built the famous rock-cut Kailasa temple at Ellora in the latter half of the eighth century AD. It was constructed in the Dravidian style of the Chalukyas and elaborately carve( with fine sculptures. Probably in the second half of thi eighth century, on an island near the west coast, was buil the cave shrine of Elephanta.
It was dedicated to Siva whose image as Mahesha (popularly known as Trimurti) counts amongst the most magnificent art creations of India The three faces represent Siva as Creator, Preserver am Destroyer. In the field of literature too, there was progress Amoghavarsha is said to have written the earliest book OJ poems in Kannada.
RASHTRAKUTAS
RASHTRAKUTAS
The origin of the Rashtrakutas is obscure. The founder of the rule was Dantidurga, who overthrew the Chalukyas of Badami in about the middle of the eighth century AD. He was succeeded by his uncle, Krishna I (758-772). Krishna was succeeded by his son Govinda II (773-780). He was deposed by his younger brother Dhruva Nirupama. The period of Dhruva is regarded as the peak of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. He succeeded in establishing his rull:: in the Deccan. Dhruva's death or abdication in 793 was followed by a 'war of succession.
The Rashtrakuta territories ultimately came to his son, Govinda III Jagattunga (793-814). Govinda III was succeeded by his son, Sarva, known as Amoghavarsha I (814-878), who is said to have built the city of Manyakheta as his capital. The last great ruler of the dynasty was Krishna III (939-967), who occupied Kanchi and Tanjore and defeated a Chola army at the battle of Takkolam in 949 and even annexed a part of the Chola kingdom. After 967, the Rashtrakutas declined as their rulers were weak. They were replaced by the later Chalukyas. The Rashtrakutas were involved in the famous tripartite struggle for Kanauj. (Refer to Chapter 11 in this section.)
The origin of the Rashtrakutas is obscure. The founder of the rule was Dantidurga, who overthrew the Chalukyas of Badami in about the middle of the eighth century AD. He was succeeded by his uncle, Krishna I (758-772). Krishna was succeeded by his son Govinda II (773-780). He was deposed by his younger brother Dhruva Nirupama. The period of Dhruva is regarded as the peak of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. He succeeded in establishing his rull:: in the Deccan. Dhruva's death or abdication in 793 was followed by a 'war of succession.
The Rashtrakuta territories ultimately came to his son, Govinda III Jagattunga (793-814). Govinda III was succeeded by his son, Sarva, known as Amoghavarsha I (814-878), who is said to have built the city of Manyakheta as his capital. The last great ruler of the dynasty was Krishna III (939-967), who occupied Kanchi and Tanjore and defeated a Chola army at the battle of Takkolam in 949 and even annexed a part of the Chola kingdom. After 967, the Rashtrakutas declined as their rulers were weak. They were replaced by the later Chalukyas. The Rashtrakutas were involved in the famous tripartite struggle for Kanauj. (Refer to Chapter 11 in this section.)
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